Irisin effects on bone: systematic review with meta-analysis of preclinical studies and prospects for oral health

Abstract: Bone quality is an important issue in dentistry. Low bone density may be associated with more severe periodontitis, and may influence implant therapy success. Recent evidence suggests that physical activity can improve alveolar bone quality. Irisin is an exercise-mediated peptide that might be involved in this process. We assessed the effect of exercise and that of intra-peritoneal irisin administration on bone quality in healthy and osteoporosis-induced rodents. This study was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42020184140), and followed PRISMA guidelines. A search by two independent examiners was conducted in five databases and gray literature up to July 2021, without restrictions regarding language or date of publication. Initially, they analyzed retrieved titles and abstracts (n=3,844) based on eligibility criteria. Of this total, 19 studies remained for full-text reading, and 16 proceeded to the data extraction and quality assessment phases. Meta-analyses were conducted (n= 6 studies) to establish the effects of irisin administration on cancellous bone mineral density (BMD). Exercise or irisin administration enhanced bone quality, but the meta-analysis showed that BMD increased only slightly in osteoporotic rodents (BMD: mean difference 0.03 mg/cm3 - 95% CI 0.01-0.05). This indicates that they had no significant benefits on the bones of healthy animals. Implications of key findings evidence the potential of irisin as an agent able to mitigate bone loss caused by osteoporosis, an outcome that could favor dental rehabilitation. More studies investigating the effect of irisin on alveolar bone are needed to elucidate its therapeutic viability and implications.

Streamlining the dental care during COVID-19 pandemic: updated clinical recommendations and infection control management framework

Abstract: Several guidelines for dental practice have been published by dental associations and regulatory boards since the beginning of the pandemic. Initially, all non-emergency dental treatment were suspended. Healthcare personnel around the world are gradually expanding back to elective procedures. International updated recommendations alert that professionals must maintain regular observation of local health department reports, ensure personal protective equipment, and screen all patients for COVID-19 signs and symptoms. Telehealth strategies, patient screening, rescheduling when presenting COVID-19 symptoms and/or history of contact with infected people and hand/environment hygiene practices are reinforced. Appropriate cleaning and surface disinfection are mandatory. The dental staff must be trained to use appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), following a risk assessment and standard precautions: gloves; fluid resistant disposable gown, eye protection (face shield or goggles) and a medical mask. A fit tested N95 or KN95 respirator (or higher) is recommended when aerosol generating procedures are performed. Only essential accompanying persons should attend to dental appointment with the patient and must wear a cloth face covering or facemask. Social distancing and mask wearing by all staff are necessary in all areas of the office. Dental health care providers should keep up to date to the current guidance of clinical practice during the pandemic.

The influence of malocclusion, sucking habits and dental caries in the masticatory function of preschool children

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of malocclusion, nutritive and non-nutritive sucking habits and dental caries in the masticatory function of preschool children. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 384 children aged 3-5 years. A single examiner calibrated for oral clinical examinations performed all the evaluations (kappa > 0.82). Presence of malocclusion was recorded using Foster and Hamilton criteria. The number of masticatory units and of posterior teeth cavitated by dental caries was also recorded. The parents answered a questionnaire in the form of an interview, addressing questions about the child's nutritive and non-nutritive sucking habits. The masticatory function was evaluated using Optocal test material, and was based on the median particle size in the masticatory performance, on the swallowing threshold, and on the number of masticatory cycles during the swallowing threshold. Data analysis involved simple and multiple linear regression analyses, and the confidence level adopted was 95%. The sample consisted of 206 children in the malocclusion group and 178 in the non-malocclusion group. In the multiple regression analysis, the masticatory performance was associated with age (p = 0.025), bottle feeding (p = 0.004), presence of malocclusion (p = 0.048) and number of cavitated posterior teeth (p = 0.030). The swallowing threshold was associated with age (p = 0.025), bottle feeding (p = 0.001) and posterior malocclusion (p = 0.017). The number of masticatory cycles during the swallowing threshold was associated with the number of cavitated posterior teeth (p = 0.001). In conclusion, posterior malocclusion, bottle feeding and dental caries may interfere in the masticatory function of preschool children.

Biological and social aspects of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) related to oral health

Abstract The expansion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) throughout the world has alarmed all health professionals. Especially in dentistry, there is a growing concern due to it's high virulence and routes of transmission through saliva aerosols. The virus keeps viable on air for at least 3 hours and on plastic and stainless-steel surfaces up to 72 hours. In this sense, dental offices, both in the public and private sectors, are high-risk settings of cross infection among patients, dentists and health professionals in the clinical environment (including hospital's intensive dental care facilities). This manuscript aims to compile current available evidence on prevention strategies for dental professionals. Besides, we briefly describe promising treatment strategies recognized until this moment. The purpose is to clarify dental practitioners about the virus history and microbiology, besides guiding on how to proceed during emergency consultations based on international documents. Dentists should consider that a substantial number of individuals (including children) who do not show any signs and symptoms of COVID-19 may be infected and can disseminate the virus. Currently, there is no effective treatment and fast diagnosis is still a challenge. All elective dental treatments and non-essential procedures should be postponed, keeping only urgent and emergency visits to the dental office. The use of teledentistry (phone calls, text messages) is a very promising tool to keep contact with the patient without being at risk of infection.

Human exposure to Salmonella spp from dog food containing raw meat ­ systematic review / Exposição de humanos à Salmonella spp a partir de alimentos para cães contendo carne crua ­ revisão sistemática

O emprego de dietas para cães contendo carne crua tem sido uma prática popular frequente. Estas, quando contaminadas por Salmonella, podem oferecer risco para a saúde dos animais e dos seres humanos. Este trabalho é uma revisão sistemática da literatura efetuada para avaliar a frequência de dietas para cães que continham carne crua contaminada por Salmonella, e se os cães que as consumiam eliminariam a bactéria em suas fezes. A pesquisa foi realizada em duas bases de dados, Web of Knowledge e PubMed, durante janeiro de 2015. Participaram da pesquisa trabalhos sobre dietas para cães contendo alimentos crus e seu consumo; treze artigos foram selecionados. Em 11 trabalhos foram conduzidas análises microbiológicas para Salmonella nas dietas contendo carne crua, sendo que em quatro desses estudos também foi analisada a presença da bactéria nas fezes dos animais. Em 679 dietas contendo carne crua, 141 delas (20,76%) estavam contaminadas, sendo o sorotipo mais encontrado foi Salmonnela Typhimurium (24,60% do total). Dos estudos que relataram a eliminação da bactéria após o consumo de dietas contendo carne crua, um total de 141 amostras fecais foram analisadas, das quais 73 (51,77%) estavam contaminadas, e o sorotipo mais encontrado foi Salmonella Newport (72,60% do total). Os resultados obtidos permitem afirmar que os proprietários dos cães alimentados por dietas (caseiras ou comerciais) a base de carne crua contaminada estão expostos ao risco de infecção por Salmonella tanto pela manipulação de alimentos como pelas fezes dos animais.(AU)

Feeding dogs raw meat diets is an increasingly popular trend, and when contaminated with Salmonella they may present a risk to the health of both animals and humans. The present investigation is a systematic review of literature to assess the frequency of raw meat diets for dogs contaminated with Salmonella and whether dogs consuming these diets can eliminate it in their faeces. A search was made using two databases: "Web of Knowledge" and "PubMed" in January 2015. Only studies related to raw food diets and consumption by dogs were included. Thirteen articles were selected after refining the search. In 11 studies microbiological analysis was conducted for Salmonella in diets containing raw meat, so that in four of these studies Salmonella in the faeces was also analysed. In the analysis of 679 raw meat diets 141 diets (20.76%) were contaminated with Salmonella, in which the serotype most commonly found was S. Typhimurium (24.60%). Of the studies that reported the number of dogs that eliminated Salmonella in faeces after consumption of diets containing raw meat, 141 faecal samples were analysed, of which 73 (51.77%) were contaminated with Salmonella and the serotype most commonly found was S. Newport (72.60%). The available data suggest that the owners who feed their animals with diets containing contaminated raw meat, either commercial or homemade, are exposed to risk of Salmonella contamination, either by the manipulation of food or by handling the dog's stool.(AU)

Relação entre fatores socioeconômicos, clínicos e saúde bucal em escolares da zona rural: um estudo longitudinal / Relationship among socioeconomic and clinical factors with oral health, in schoolchildren from rural areas: a longitudinal study

Objetivos: Este estudo longitudinal avaliou: a) o impacto de ações bimestrais de atenção básica em saúde bucal no incremento da cárie e mancha branca em uma população rural; b) associações entre variáveis sociais, econômicas e cárie e mancha branca. Materiais e método: exames (baseline, após 6 e 12 meses) e ações educativas e preventivas bimestral (baseline, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 meses) foram realizados em 161 crianças. A análise univariada (Qui-Quadrado) utilizou CPOD, ceod e mancha branca como variáveis de desfecho (p<0,05). Resultados: a mancha branca estava presente em 42,82%, 33,33% e 28,03% das crianças no baseline, após 6 e 12 meses, respectivamente. No baseline, houve associação significativa entre grau de escolaridade da mãe (p=0,0040) e número de pessoas na família (p=0,0068), para os desfechos CPOD e ceod, respectivamente. Após seis meses, houve associação entre CPOD e grau de escolaridade da mãe (p=0,0059), ceod e número de pessoas na família (p=0,0173) e grau de escolaridade do pai (p=0,0412), além de associação entre mancha branca e água ingerida (p=0,0350). Após doze meses, apenas o grau de escolaridade da mãe (p=0,0049) foi estatisticamente associado ao CPOD. Conclusão: apesar da alta experiência de cárie, houve diminuição substancial das manchas brancas após implementaçãodo programa preventivo.

Metabolic and behavioral effects of ractopamine at continuous low levels in rats under stress

This study aimed at evaluating the effect of ractopamine (RAC) on metabolism, zootechnical performance, body composition, and behavior in Wistar rats submitted to acute and chronic restrain stress. The oral dose of 5 mg/kg of RAC was administered in periods of 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The elevated plus-maze test (EPMT) was used for behavioral assessment. Blood, carcass and viscera characteristics were evaluated. Insulin-dependent glucose transporters (GLUT-4) were semi-quantified by Western Blot in epididymal adipocytes. RAC periods associated with chronic stress increased the GLUT-4 protein expression in adipose tissue in a time-dependent manner (P=0.01), i.e., the longer the RAC addition period, the higher the GLUT-4 concentration in chronically stressed animals (0=1.42; 7=1.19; 14=2.03; 21=1.59; 28=2.35). The stress periods combined with RAC increased the time spent in the opened arms of the maze (Chronic stress: 0=10.6; 7=8.7; 14=5.9; 21=12.3; 28=4.0; Acute stress 0=3.1; 7= 4.7; 14=7.5; 21=0.0; 28=2.8) (P=0.04). Chronic (entries on the closed arms [ECA]=3.60) and acute (ECA=3.80) stress reduced locomotive activity in the maze (P=0.03). The results suggested that stress could negatively affect the possible benefits offered by the RAC, mainly impairing the adipose tissue metabolism and behavior in the animals.

Emulsões múltiplas: formação e aplicação em microencapsulamento de componentes bioativos / Multiple emulsions: formation and application in microencapsulation of bioactive components

Emulsões múltiplas têm sido reconhecidas como uma nova tecnologia para as indústrias de alimentos. Devido a sua estrutura diferenciada dos demais sistemas coloidais, ou seja, existência de duas fases dispersas, esse grupo de emulsão apresenta vantagens em relação às emulsões convencionais, principalmente, no que se refere ao encapsulamento, à proteção e à liberação controlada de componentes bioativos. Assim, a estabilidade e a biodisponibilidade dos encapsulados podem ser aumentadas ou otimizadas, fato que possibilita o planejamento de melhores resultados pela indústria, por meio da produção de novos alimentos. Ainda, com a perspectiva de aumentar o valor nutricional de muitos alimentos industrializados, infere-se uma maior contribuição deles para a promoção da saúde e para prevenção e tratamento de certas doenças crônico-degenerativas. A presente revisão apresenta as bases da tecnologia usual de elaboração de emulsão múltipla, os principais processos de instabilidade a que esse sistema está susceptível, e a aplicação de emulsões múltiplas como sistemas encapsuladores e transportadores de componentes bioativos.

Multiple emulsions have been recognized as a new technology for the food industry. Due to their different structure from other colloidal systems, namely the existence of two dispersed phases, this group of emulsion has advantages over conventional emulsions, especially with regard to packaging, protection and controlled release of bioactive components. Thus, the stability and bioavailability of encapsulated may be increased or optimized, a fact that enables the planning of better results by the industry through the production of new foods. Also, the prospect of increasing the nutritional value of many processed foods, infers greater contribution to the promotion of health and prevention and treatment of certain chronic diseases. This review presents the bases of the usual technology of preparation of multiple emulsion, the main processes of instability that this system is susceptible, and the application of multiple emulsions as encapsulating systems and carriers of bioactive components.

Down syndrome: a risk factor for malocclusion severity?

The aims of the present study were to compare aspects related to malocclusion between individuals with Down syndrome (DS) and a control group, establish malocclusion severity, and identify determinant factors. A total of 120 individuals (60 with DS and 60 with no physical or mental impairment), were included in the study. Data were collected through interviews, analyses of the medical charts, and oral examinations. The criteria of the Dental Aesthetic Index were used for the diagnosis of malocclusion. Chi-square test (p ≤ 0.05) and multivariate logistic regression were used for comparisons between the two groups and to determine the association between the dependent (malocclusion severity) and independent variables. Statistically significant differences were found between the two groups for the following variables: missing teeth, diastema, overjet, mandibular protrusion, anterior open bite, posterior crossbite, facial type, lip incompetence, and Angle classification. DS, a history of premature birth, and long face pattern were found to be associated with malocclusion severity. Individuals with DS exhibited more occlusal problems than those in the control group.

Discomfort associated with fixed orthodontic appliances: determinant factors and influence on quality of life

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the determinant factors of discomfort attributed to the use of fixed orthodontic appliance and the effect on the quality of life of adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS : Two hundred and seventy-two individuals aged between 9 and 18 years old, enrolled in public and private schools and undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliance participated in this cross-sectional study. The participants were randomly selected from a sample comprising 62,496 individuals of the same age group. Data was collected by means of questionnaires and an interview. Discomfort intensity and bio-psychosocial variables were assessed using the Oral Impact on Daily Performance questionnaire. Self-esteem was determined using the Global Negative Self-Evaluation questionnaire. Statistical analysis involved the chi-square test and both simple and multiple Poisson regression analyses. RESULTS: Although most individuals did not present discomfort, there was a prevalence of 15.9% of impact on individuals' daily life exclusively due to the use of fixed orthodontic appliance . Age [PR: 3.2 (95% CI: 1.2-8.5)], speech impairment [PR: 2.2 (95% CI: 1.1-4.6)], poor oral hygiene [PR: 2.4 (95% CI: 1.2-4.8)] and tooth mobility [PR: 3.9 (95% CI: 1.8-8.1)] remained independently associated with a greater prevalence of discomfort (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Discomfort associated with the use of fixed orthodontic appliances exerted a negative influence on the quality of life of the adolescents comprising the present study. The determinants of this association were age, poor oral hygiene, speech impairment and tooth mobility. .

OBJETIVO: investigar os fatores determinantes do desconforto atribuído ao uso do aparelho ortodôntico fixo e sua influência na qualidade de vida de adolescentes. MÉTODOS: participaram desse estudo transversal 272 indivíduos, com idades entre 9 e 18 anos, estudantes de escolas públicas e privadas, que usavam aparelhos ortodônticos fixos (braquetes). Os participantes foram selecionados aleatoriamente, entre 62.496 indivíduos da mesma faixa etária. A coleta de dados foi feita em forma de entrevista e questionário. A intensidade do desconforto e variáveis biopsicossociais foram avaliadas por meio do Oral Impact on Daily Performance (OIDP). A autoestima foi determinada pela Global Negative Self-Evaluation (GSE). A análise estatística envolveu o teste qui-quadrado e a análise de regressão de Poisson, simples e múltipla. RESULTADOS: embora a maioria dos indivíduos não apresentasse desconforto, observou-se uma prevalência de impacto na vida diária devido, exclusivamente, ao uso do aparelho ortodôntico fixo, de 15,9%. Variáveis idade de 15 a 18 anos [RP = 3,2 (IC 95% = 1,2-8,5)], dificuldade de falar [RP = 2,2 (IC 95% = 1,1-4,6)], dificuldade de limpar a boca [RP = 2,4 (IC95% = 1,2-4,8)] e mobilidade dos dentes [RP = 3,9 (IC 95% = 1,8-8,1)] permaneceram associadas, de forma independente, à maior prevalência de desconforto (p ≤ 05). CONCLUSÕES: desconforto associado ao uso de aparelhos ortodônticos fixos influenciou negativamente a qualidade de vida de adolescentes. Os fatores determinantes foram idade, dificuldade de limpar a boca, de falar e mobilidade dentária. .

Comparação de métodos para mensuração da perda óssea alveolar periodontal em ratos submetidos aestresse / Comparison of methods for measurement of periodontal bone loss in rats submitted to stress

Objetivo: Comparar os métodos radiográfico, morfométrico e histométrico para avaliação da perdado osso alveolar em ratos com doença periodontal induzida por ligadura e submetidos a estresse crônico.Materiais e Métodos: Ratos Wistar (Rattus norvegicus albinus) machos adultos foram distribuídos emdelineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x2 (com e sem doença periodontal (DP), come sem estresse crônico (EC)) com oito repetições em cada grupo. O EC foi realizado por meio de imobilizaçãodiária por 2,5 horas por 30 dias, enquanto que a DP foi induzida com o protocolo de ligadura no primeiro molarmandibular direito e esquerdo nos últimos 14 dias. Após esse período, os ratos foram eutanasiados. Resultados:Na análise radiográfica e histométrica foi determinado o suporte ósseo periodontal (SOP). Adicionalmente,na análise histométrica foi calculada a perda do osso alveolar (POA) e a perda de inserção epitelial (PIE) naface distal do primeiro molar. Na análise morfométrica, a perda do osso alveolar foi obtida pela determinaçãodas distâncias lineares da junção cemento-esmalte (JEC) até crista óssea (CO) no centro das raízes linguaise distais. Observou-se aumento dos níveis de corticosterona (p<0,05) nos animais submetidos a imobilizaçãoe a perda do osso alveolar foi superior (p<0,05) nos animais que receberam a ligadura, independentemente daassociação com estresse, enquanto que a imobilização isoladamente não influenciou esses parâmetros. Houvecorrelação significativa entre as três variáveis utilizadas para avaliação da perda óssea (p<0,05). Conclusão:Métodos histométricos, radiográficos e morfométricos não apresentaram resultados divergentes na avaliaçãoda perda óssea alveolar em ratos com DP e submetidos ao EC.

Influence of integral and decaffeinated coffee brews on metabolic parameters of rats fed with hiperlipidemic diets

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of integral and decaffeinated coffee brews (Coffea arabica L and C. canephora Pierre) on the metabolic parameters of rats fed with hyperlipidemic diet. Thirty male Wistar rats (initial weight of 270 g ± 20 g) were used in the study, which were divided into six groups five each. The treatments were normal diet, hyperlipidemic diet, hyperlipidemic diet associated with integral coffee arabica or canephora brews (7.2 mL/kg/day) and hyperlipidemic diet associated to decaffeinated arabica, or canephora brews, using the same dosage. After 41 days, performance analyses were conducted.The rats were then euthanized and the carcasses were used for the analysis of dried ether extract and crude protein. Fractions of adipose tissue were processed for histological analysis. There was a reduction in weight gain and accumulation of lipids in the carcasses, lower diameter of adipocytes and a lower relative weight of the liver and kidneys of rats fed with hyperlipidemic diet associated with integral coffee brew. Integral coffee brew reduced the obesity in the rats receiving hyperlipidemic diet, but the same effect did not occur with the decaffeinated types.

Influence of disinfectant solutions on test materials used for the determination of masticatory performance

Masticatory function can be evaluated objectively as the capacity of an individual to fragment solid food after a fixed number of chewing cycles, the so-called masticatory performance (MP). The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of four different test materials (Optosil, Optocal, Zetapuls, and Perfil) and five disinfection protocols by aspersion and immersion (no disinfection, 2% glutaraldehyde, 2% chlorhexidine, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, and 70% alcohol) on the MP, determined at three moments (24 hours, 15 and 60 days) after storing the fragmented blocks. MP was evaluated by calculating X50 through the sieving technique and the Rosim-Ramler equation. The weight and microbiologic count (colony forming units, CFUs) of chewed blocks were measured to identify any variations that would make MP determination unfeasible. Differences in MP were observed among the materials (p < 0.01). Perfil presented the highest X50 value (worst MP determination), followed by Zetaplus (both p < 0.05), Optosil, and Optocal (both p > 0.05). The time and disinfection type had no influence on MP (p > 0.05). The number of CFUs differed between the nondisinfected group and all other disinfection groups at all time points (p < 0.01). No other significant difference in CFU count between disinfection groups was observed. In conclusion, disinfection did not alter the reliability of the test materials for the MP calculation for up to 60 days.

Effect of ractopamine on lipid metabolism in vivo - a systematic review

The aim of this article was to evaluate the in vivo mechanism of action through which ractopamine reduces the amount of adipose tissue in carcass of animals fed diets supplemented with this drug. Literature search was carried out, using the keywords Ractopamine, lipogenesis, lipolysis, fatty acid and adipose tissue. The scoring system was designed for the adequacy of the methodology. A total of eight papers were found - all published in the English language. The determination of lipolysis and lipogenesis was carried out using different methods - from the quantification of non-esterified fatty acids in the blood to molecular analyses of adipose tissue. The review analysis suggested that, at least in the pigs, the use of this drug reduced lipid deposition in the carcass due to a greater inhibition of lipogenesis than an increase in lipolysis.

Associations between orbicularis oris thickness and skeletal and dental variables in mixed dentition / Associações entre espessura do orbicularis oris e variáveis esqueléticas e dentárias na dentição mista

Aim: To evaluate the association between orbicularis oris thickness and skeletal and dental variables in children with mixed dentition. Material and Method: A convenience sample of 22 children, aged 7 to 12 years, with skeletal Class I and Class II malocclusion and subdivisions were selected. The upper and lower fascicles of the orbicularis oris thicknesses were measured using ultrasound (US) by one calibrated examiner, at rest and in the contracted state. Cephalometric radiograph measurements of the hard and soft tissues were calculated by one trained examiner. The results were analyzed by the Pearson and Spearman coefficients. Result: The upper and lower fascicles of the orbicularis oris in the contracted state showed a negative correlation with the distance between Ricketts' E-line and the labrale superius (E ┴ Ls). There were positive correlations between the lower face height and the distance between the AB plane and the labrale superius (AB-Ls) and between the ANB angle and the distance between E ┴ Ls and Ricketts' E-line and the labrale inferius ((E ┴ Li). The lower-incisor distance from the N-Pg plane correlated positively with the distance between AB-Ls and the distance between the E ┴ Ls and E ┴ Li. Overbite and interincisal angle were negatively correlated with the distance between the pogonion and the soft tissue pogonion and the distance between E ┴ Li, respectively. Conclusion: Skeletal and dental variables were associated with upper and lower lip position and pogonion thickness, while the upper and lower fascicles of the orbicularis oris thicknesses in the contracted state were associated only with upper lip retrusion.

Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre a espessura do orbicularis oris e as variáveis esqueléticas e dentárias em crianças com dentição mista. Material e Método Foi selecionada uma amostra de conveniência de 22 crianças, de 7 a 12 anos, com maloclusões Classe I e Classe II esqueléticas e subdivisões. As espessuras dos fascículos superior e inferior do orbicularis oris foram mensuradas, em repouso e em contração, por um examinador treinado utilizando ultrassom. As medidas cefalométricas dos tecidos duros e moles foram calculadas por um examinador treinado. Os resultados foram analisados pelos coeficientes de Pearson e Spearman. Resultado: Houve correlação negativa entre os fascículos superior e inferior do orbicularis oris em contração e a distância entre a linha E de Ricketts e o lábio superior (E ┴ Ls). Houve correlação positiva entre a altura inferior da face e a distância entre o plano AB e o lábio superior (AB-Ls) e entre o ângulo ANB e a distância entre E ┴ Ls e a linha E de Ricketts e o lábio inferior (E ┴ Li). A distância do incisivo inferior do plano N-Pg correlacionou-se positivamente com a distância entre AB-Ls e a distância entre E ┴ Ls e E ┴ Li. A sobremordida e o ângulo interincisal correlacionaram-se negativamente com a distância entre o pogônio e o pogônio mole e a distância entre E ┴ Li, respectivamente. Conclusão: As variáveis esqueléticas e dentárias estiveram associadas à posição dos lábios superior e inferior e a espessura do pogônio, enquanto que as espessuras dos fascículos superior e inferior do orbicularis oris em contração estiveram associadas à retrusão do lábio superior.

Effect of probiotic administration on the immune response: a systematic review of experimental models in rats

The probiotic influence on the immune system, especially under pathogenic challenge conditions, still remains controversial. To address this, a systematic review of current studies concerning the efficacy of probiotics on the immune response of rats subjected to experimental challenges was conducted. The survey was conducted using PubMed, ISI Web of Science and Scielo databases. Only studies which tested probiotics in vivo in rats were included. The experimental design, methodological quality, and results of the articles were analyzed. In total 21 articles were selected for this study. The most commonly used microorganisms in the experiments were those of the genus Lactobacillus, which was reported in 12 articles. The second most often used genus was Bifidobacterium (B. animalis and B.longum). In general, the probiotics use against experimental pathogenic challenges was successful: 86% of the selected articles reported a beneficial effect on the immune response associated with the use of probiotics.

Estudo longitudinal dos sinais e sintomas de disfunção temporomandibular frente a tratamento conservador com placa estabilizadora em clínica de graduação / Longitudinal study of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction aftre conservative tretment with stabilizing splints by undergraduate students

Objetivo: Avaliar longitudinal a eficácia da terapia oclusal em pacientes com Disfunção Temporomandibular (DTM) atendidos em clínica de graduação de curso de Odontologia. Materiais e Métodos: Os indivíduos foram examinados clinicamente utilizando-se o índice internacional Research DiagnosticCriteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) na época de seu atendimento (T0) e reavaliados 6meses após o início do tratamento com placas estabilizadoras (T1). Dezesseis pacientes participaram das duasavaliações. Oitenta e oito por cento dos pacientes examinados eram do sexo feminino. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: 1) Dor: através de Escala VAS (dor no momento da avaliação, dor média nos últimos 6 meses e pior dor nos últimos 6 meses), 2) Amplitude dos movimentos mandibulares (abertura bucal, protrusão e lateralidade); 3) Sons articulares (clique, crepitação) e 4) Sensibilidade à palpação dos músculos mastigatórios e da articulação temporomandibular. Os dados foram comparados entre os dois momentos utilizando-se o teste “t” pareado ou Wilcoxon. Correlação de Pearson foi realizada entre as variáveis dor e amplitude dos movimentos mandibulares. O índice de significância foi ajustado em p<0,05. Resultados: Houve melhora significativa entre as duas sessões para as variáveis relacionadas à dor e amplitude dos movimentos mandibulares (p<0,05), exceto protrusão (p=0,438). Houve correlação negativa significativa somente entre a dor média e aamplitude da abertura bucal antes do tratamento (p<0,05). Após o tratamento, essa correlação não persistiu (p>0,05). Conclusões: As placas oclusais lisas planas mostraram melhora significativa para a dor e amplitude dos movimentos mandibulares, mostrando ser um tratamento eficiente a ser realizado em clínicas de graduação para pacientes com dor miofascial e deslocamento de disco.

Efeito do extrato do romã (Punica granatum) sobre bactérias cariogênicas: estudo in vitro e in vivo / Effect of pomegranate extract (Punica granatum) on cariogenic bacteria: in vitro and in vivo study

Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito inibitório de extratos de plantas sobre cepas de Streptococcus mutans in vitro e avaliar in vivo o potencial inibitório de dentifrício incorporado com o extrato de maior potencial sobre estreptococos do grupo mutans e sobre o índice de biofilme. Materiais e Métodos: Em meio de cultura inoculado com S. mutans (ATCC25175), depositaram-se extratos etanólicosde 32 plantas. Posteriormente, avaliaram-se os halos de inibição. As capacidades inibitórias foram: Ocimumgratissimum (flor) com 08 mm; Moringa oleífera (folha) 10 mm; Copaífera langsdorffi (folha) 16 mm e Punicagranatum (pericarpo desidratado) com 18 mm. Uma vez que este último extrato apresentou o maior halo de inibição, foi utilizado na fase seguinte. O extrato de romã (Punica granatum) foi incorporado em dentifrício, nas concentrações de 1% e 3% após determinação da concentração inibitória mínima. Estes foram testados em 30 voluntários divididos em 3 grupos (um para cada extrato e um grupo controle). Os voluntários fizeram uso dos dentifrícios durante 08 dias. A atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada através da determinação do índice de biofilme e contagem de estreptococos do grupo mutans (UFC/ml). Resultados: Houve redução (p < 0,05) no índice de biofilme para o extrato a 3%, porém não houve diferença na contagem de microrganismos (p > 0,05). Conclusão: Conclui-se que a Punica granatum L. foi o extrato que apresentou maior atividade inibitória in vitro contra S. mutans. A formulação do dentifrício mostrou eficiência após oito dias de uso diminuindo significativamente o índice de biofilme, porém, não apresentou redução do número de estreptococos do grupo mutans.

Prevalence and predictive factors of sleep bruxism in children with and without cognitive impairment

Studies have found a higher prevalence of sleep bruxism (SB) in individuals with cognitive impairment. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence and factors associated with the clinical manifestation of SB in children with and without cognitive impairment. The sample was made up of 180 individuals: Group 1 - without cognitive impairment; Group 2 - with Down syndrome; Group 3 - with cerebral palsy. Malocclusions were assessed based on the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI); lip competence was assessed based on Ballard's description. The bio-psychosocial characteristics were assessed via a questionnaire and clinical exam. Statistical analysis involved the chi-square test (p < 0.05) and multivariate logistic regression. The prevalence of bruxism was 23 percent. There were no significant differences between the groups (p = 0.970). Individuals with sucking habits (OR [95 percent CI] = 4.44 [1.5 to 13.0]), posterior crossbite (OR [95 percent CI] = 3.04 [1.2 to 7.5]) and tooth wear facets (OR [95 percent CI] = 3.32 [1.2 to 8.7]) had a greater chance of exhibiting SB. Sucking habits, posterior crossbite and tooth wear facets were identified as being directly associated with the clinical manifestations of bruxism.

Allergic reactions and nickel-free braces: a systematic review

Nickel-free braces have gained popularity as a viable alternative for patients who are allergic to nickel. The purpose of this systematic review was to determine whether evidence exists to justify the use of nickel-free brackets in orthodontic patients who are allergic to nickel. An electronic search was performed using 7 databases (MEDLINE, BBO, LILACS, Web of Science, EMBASE, BIREME and Cochrane Library), without restriction regarding year or language, with supplemental manual searching of the references of retrieved articles. The search strategy produced 89 papers. The data extraction and quality score of each paper were evaluated independently by two reviewers, once each. After selection based on the eligibility criteria, four papers, including 2 controlled clinical trials and 2 clinical trials, qualified for the final analysis. Quality assessment of the included articles was also performed. Nickel-free braces (Ni content - 2 percent max.) seem to represent a viable alternative for orthodontic patients who are allergic to nickel. However, further in vivo studies, considering the immunology characteristics of patients, are needed to determine the clinical implications of the findings of this study.